Education and Skills Bill Essay Example for Free

Education and Skills Bill Essay The Education and Skills Bill introduces a new duty on young people in England to participate in education or training until the age of 18. The Bill follows the green paper Raising Expectations: staying in education and training, which described the perceived benefits to individuals, the economy and society of young people staying in education or training for longer. Responsibility for support services currently carried out by the Connexions service will be transferred to local education authorities (LEAs). The Bill makes changes relating to adult skills. The Bill also provides for the transfer of the regulatory regime for independent schools in England from the Secretary of State for Children, Schools and Families to the Chief Inspector of Education, Children’s Services and Skills (the new Ofsted) There are miscellaneous provisions in relation to pupil behaviour, external qualifications, inspection of teacher training, and Schools Forums. Also a framework power is provided for the National Assembly for Wales to legislate in relation to the inspection of pre-16 education and training. The territorial extent of the Bill varies according to the scope of the different provisions. The Bill contains provisions that trigger the Sewel Convention. Christine Gillie Social Policy Section Contributions: Ed Beale, Paul Bolton, Grahame Danby, Susan Hubble, Vincent Keter House of Commons Library. Recent Library Research Papers include: 07/72 07/73 The Governance of Britain Green Paper Child Maintenance and Other Payments Bill Committee Stage Report 07/74 07/75 07/76 07/77 07/78 07/79 07/80 Economic Indicators, November 2007 Channel Tunnel Rail Link (Supplementary Provisions) Bill Unemployment by Constituency, October 2007 The European Communities (Finance) Bill [Bill 2 of 2007-08] Sale of Student Loans Bill Housing and Regeneration Bill [Bill 8 of 2007-08] The EU Reform. Treaty: amendments to the Treaty on European Union 07/81 07/82 07/83 07/84 07/85 07/86 Health and Social Care Bill House of Lords developments since January 2004 Economic Indicators, December 2007 Planning Bill [Bill 11 of 2007-08] Crossrail Bill: Committee Stage Report The Treaty of Lisbon: amendments to the Treaty establishing the European Community 22. 11. 07 03. 12. 07 04. 12. 07 06. 12. 07 06. 12. 07 06. 12. 07 06. 11. 07 09. 11. 07 14. 11. 07 15. 11. 07 15. 11. 07 22. 11. 07 22. 11. 07 26. 10. 07 02. 11. 07 Research Papers are available as PDF files: †¢ to members of the general public on the Parliamentary web site, URL: http://www. parliament. uk †¢ within Parliament to users of the Parliamentary Intranet, URL: http://hcl1. hclibrary. parliament. uk Library Research Papers are compiled for the benefit of Members of Parliament and their personal staff. Authors are available to discuss the contents of these papers with Members and their staff but cannot advise members of the general public. We welcome comments on our papers; these should be sent to the Research Publications Officer, Room 407, 1 Derby Gate, London, SW1A 2DG or e-mailed to [emailprotected] uk ISSN 1368-8456 Summary The Education and Skills Bill was presented in the House of Commons on 28 November 2007. At the same time Explanatory Notes, an Impact Assessment and a Memorandum of Delegated Powers were also published. The Bill, as presented, is in five parts. Some of the provisions are linked to the Government’s policies for reforming 14 to 19 education and improving the learning and skills of young people and adults. Other parts of the Bill are on separate matters particularly relating to the regulation and inspection of independent schools and colleges. Part 1 introduces a new duty on young people in England to participate in education or training until the age of 18, and creates a statutory framework to support and enforce it with new duties on local education authorities (LEAs ), educational providers and employers. The raising of the participation age will be introduced in two stages: to 17 by 2013 and to 18 by 2015. Provision is made for LEAs to enforce the participation duty, if necessary. They may issue attendance notices to young people who refuse to participate. New attendance panels will be created to hear appeals and to monitor the enforcement process. LEAs may also issue parenting contracts or parenting orders to parents of young people who are failing to fulfil the duty to participate. The proposals follow the green paper Raising Expectations: staying in education and training (March 2007), which described the perceived benefits to individuals and society of young people staying in education and training for longer. While there has been wide acceptance of the principle that young people will benefit from participating until they are 18, concern has been expressed about making it compulsory. Part 2 makes provision for the transfer to LEAs of the information, advice and support services for young people currently provided by the Connexions service. This follows proposals in the Youth Matters green paper (July 2005). The funding for the Connexions service will be transferred to LEAs in April 2008. It is intended that LEAs will continue to maintain the Connexions database so as to help them provide the right support services to young people and promote the new duty on young people to participate in education or training. Part 2 also places a duty on LEAs to arrange for the assessment of the education and training needs of a person with a statement of special educational needs (SEN) during their last year of schooling. This takes account of the change in the Bill to raise the participation age. Other provisions in Part 2 include: a requirement for secondary schools to present careers information in an impartial way and to provide careers advice that is in the best interests of the child; an explicit duty on the Learning and Skills Council (LSC) to provide proper facilities for apprenticeships for 16 to 18 year olds, and to make reasonable provision for apprenticeships for those aged 19 and over; a requirement for LEAs to have regard to journey times in preparing their transport policies for students of sixth-form age attending educational establishments; and a requirement for LEAs to co-operate with partners who are responsible for 14 to 19 education and training. Part 3 contains provisions in relation to adult skills. The issue of maintaining a sufficiently skilled workforce to meet the economys needs in the face of growing global competition has become increasing prominent, particularly since the publication of the Leitch Review of Skills in 2006. In its response to the review, the Government set out a range of goals relating to workforce skills for 2020 and outlined how it intended to achieve them. This Bill places duties on the LSC to provide a free entitlement to training for all adults in England aged over 19 up to their first full Level 2 qualification, with a similar entitlement up to Level 3 for those aged 19-25. Provision is also made to enable the sharing of data between relevant departments and the devolved administrations in order to assist in the effective assessment and provision of education and training for those aged 19 and over. Part 4 creates a wider definition of an independent educational institution in England, which includes certain part-time educational provision, to which the regulatory regime for independent schools in England will apply. That regime, currently contained in the Education Act 2002, is restated in Chapter 1 of Part 4. The regulatory framework for ‘independent educational institutions’ is changed so that the Chief Inspector of Education, Children’s Services and Skills (the new Ofsted) and not the Secretary of State is the registration authority. The function of approving non-maintained special schools is also transferred from the Secretary of State to the Chief Inspector. Sixth-form pupils in nonmaintained special schools are given a right to opt out of religious worship. (Pupils in mainstream maintained schools already have this right under the Education and Inspections Act 2006. ) The Bill also seeks to amend section 347 of the Education Act 1996 to remove in England the category of approved independent school for the placement of a child with a statement of SEN, and to remove the requirement for LEAs in England to seek consent to place pupils with statements of SEN in non-approved independent schools. Other changes in Part 4 include the introduction of a new management standard for independent educational institutions, and changes relating to fees for registration and inspection. Part 5 includes miscellaneous provisions in relation to pupil behaviour, the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (QCA) and the approval of external qualifications, the inspection of teacher training, and the constitution of Schools Forums. Also Part 5 creates a framework power for the National A ssembly for Wales to legislate in relation to the inspection of pre-16 education and training. The Bill extends to England and Wales. Many of the provisions apply to England only. A number of new or expanded powers are conferred on Welsh Ministers. (These are set out in table 1 of the Explanatory Notes to the Bill. ) Five clauses that relate to sharing information extend to Scotland and trigger the Sewel Convention. Two clauses relating to the remit of the QCA extend to Northern Ireland. This research paper outlines the key provisions of the Bill, and provides background on them. It is not intended to be a comprehensive account of the clauses. A detailed clause by clause account is given in the Explanatory Notes to the Bill. Library contacts: Christine Gillie : raising the participation age, Connexions service, special educational needs, post-16 transport, regulation and inspection of independent schools, pupil behaviour and attendance and Schools Forums Paul Bolton: statistics on the above Ed Beale : apprenticeships, training and adult skills Grahame Danby: data processing Susan Hubble: financial support for students and external qualifications Vincent Keter: employers and business CONTENTS I Part 1 of the Bill: duty to participate in education or training (England). A. B. Introduction Background 1. History 2. Participation of 16 and 17 year olds in education, employment and training 3. The green paper and the case for change 4. Responses to the green paper C. D. Overview of the proposed system for raising participation 7 7 8 8 8 12 15 20 Suitable provision and enabling young people to participate: the ‘four building blocks’ 23 The Bill 1. Key provisions 2. Comment 31 31 35 38 38 38 40 41 42 43 43 E. II Part 2 of the Bill: Support for participation in education or training: young adults with learning difficulties and young people in England A. Provision of support services (Connexions Service) 1. Background 2. The Bill B. C. D. E. F. Assessments relating to learning difficulties Careers education Apprenticeships Provision of transport for persons of sixth form age: journey times Co-operation as regards provision of 14 to 19 education and training 44 45 45 47 49 III Part 3 of the Bill: Adult Skills A. Background 1. The Leitch Review of Skills 2. Current measures to address adult skills 3. House of Commons Education and Skills Committee report: Post-16 Skills 51 B. The Bill 1. Reaction IV Part 4 of the Bill: regulation and inspection of independent educational provision in England A. Current arrangements for regulation and inspection of independent schools Consultation proposals Response The Bill 53 54 55 55 57 61 63 64 64 65 66 68 69 69 70 B. C. D. V Part 5 of the Bill: miscellaneous provisions A. B. C. D. E. F. Pre-16 education and training: Wales Maintained schools in England: behaviour and attendance External qualifications Inspections of teacher training in England Schools Forums General provisions VI VII Data processing Appendix I: Reaction from specific organisations to the green paper, Raising expectations: staying in education and training 73 Appendix II: relevant documents 85 VIII. RESEARCH PAPER 07/87 I A. Part 1 of the Bill: duty to participate in education or training (England) Introduction In March 2007 the Government’s green paper Raising Expectations: staying in education and training post-16, proposed that the minimum age at w hich young people should leave education or training should be raised to 18. 1 The participation age would be increased in two stages: to age 17 from September 2013, and to 18 from September 2015. The green paper set out a detailed package of measures for consultation. Alongside the green paper the Government published an Initial Regulatory Impact Assessment on the estimated cost of the proposals. 2 (These projections have been reviewed and revised and are now published in the Impact Assessment that accom panies the Education and Skills Bill – see below). In July 2007 the Government published a report of the consultation on the green paper’s proposals. While it noted that there had been wide acceptance of the principle that young people would benefit from continuing to develop their skills formally until they were 18, it also noted that there was concern about making participation compulsory. 3 Also in July 2007, the Government published World Class Skills: Implementing the Leitch Review of Skills in England. 4 This set out the Government’s plans to improve the skills of young people and adults. The Government’s Draft Legislative Programme, published on 11 July 2007, announced that a bill would be introduced to ensure that young people stay in education or training until age 18, and to provide new rights to skills training for adults. 5 In his Fabian Society lecture on 5 November 2007, Ed Balls, the Secretary of State for Children, Schools and Families, described the Government’s proposals, and published a further document From policy to legislation. This explained how the Government intended to proceed, and what aspects of the policy required legislation. 6 Also on 5 November 2007, the Government published its strategy for reducing the proportion of young people not in education, employment or training. 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Raising Expectations: staying in education and training post-16, Cm 7065, March 2007: http://www. dfes. gov. uk/consultations/downloadableDocs/6965-DfESRaising%20Expectations%20Green%20Paper. pdf Initial Regulatory Impact Assessment for Raising Expectations: staying in education and training post16, DfES, March 2007: http://www. dfes. gov. uk/consultations/downloadableDocs/RIA%20[FINAL]%20word%20version. pdf Raising Expectations: Consultation Report, DCSF, July 2007: http://www. dfes. gov. uk/consultations/downloadableDocs/Raising%20Expectations%20Consultation%20R eport. pdf http://www. dfes. gov. uk/skillsstrategy/uploads/documents/World%20Class%20Skills%20FINAL. pdf http://www. cabinetoffice. gov.uk/reports/governance. aspx Raising Expectations: Staying in education and training post 16: From policy to legislation, DCSF, November 2007: http://www. dfes. gov. uk/14-19/documents/Raising%20Expectations. pdf Reducing the number of young people not in education, employment or training (NEET) by 2013, DCSF, 5 November 2007: http://www. dfes. gov. uk/14-19/documents/NEET%20%20Strategy. pdf 7 RESEARCH PAPER 07/87 The Education and Skills Bill was presented in the House of Commons on 28 November 2007. 8 Explanatory Notes9, an Impact Assessment10, a Memorandum of Delegated Powers11 and a Short Guide 12 were also published. B. 1. Background History The Education Act 1918 raised the compulsory school leaving age from 12 to 14. It also made provision for all young people to participate in at least part-time education until they were 18 but this provision was not implemented. The end of the First World War was followed by a period of austerity; public expenditure cuts dubbed the ‘Geddes axe’ 13 meant that the aspiration of increasing participation was not achieved. The Education Act 1944 made provision to raise the school leaving age to 16 but this was not implemented until 1972. 14 The 1944 Act also re-enacted the 1918 provision to extend participation at least part-time until the age of 18 but again this was not implemented. The school leaving age has remained at 16 since 1972, although the leaving date was amended in 1997. 15 2. Participation of 16 and 17 year olds in education, employment and training At the end of 2006 around six out of every seven 16 and 17 year olds were provisionally estimated to be in some form of education or training. The large majority were in fulltime education, others were in Government supported Work Based Learning (WBL)16, Employer Funded Training 17 or other types of education and training including part-time courses. The latest data are summarised below: 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Education and Skills Bill, Bill 12, Session 2007-08: http://www.publications. parliament. uk/pa/cm200708/cmbills/012/08012. i-v. html Education and Skills Bill Explanatory Notes: http://www. publications. parliament. uk/pa/cm200708/cmbills/012/en/index_012. htm Impact Assessment of the Education and Skills Bill, DCSF, 29 November 2009: http://www. dfes. gov. uk/publications/educationandskills/docs/impact_assessment. pdf Memorandum of Delegated Powers, DCSF, 28 November 2007 (an electronic copy was not available at time of writing but a hardcopy was available from the Vote Office) DCSF, Short Guide to the Education and Skills Bill: http://www. dfes. gov. uk/publications/educationandskills/docs/BillNarrative. doc after Sir Eric Geddes who chaired a committee set up to suggest economies SI 1972 No 444 The 1997 change introduced a single school leaving date the last Friday in June in the school year in which a young person reaches age 16: DfES Circular 11/97, School Leaving Date for 16 Year Olds, September 1997 http://www. teachernet. gov. uk/management/atoz/S/schoolleavingdate/index. cfm? code=furt Includes Advanced Apprenticeships, Apprenticeships, Entry to Employment and NVQ Learning. Young people who received training in the previous four weeks, includes non-WBL apprenticeships. 8 RESEARCH PAPER 07/87 Education, employment and training status of 16 and 17 year olds in England, 2006 16 year olds  number % of population 17 year olds number % of population 16 and 17 year olds number % of population Full-time education Work Based Learning Of which also in full-time education Employer Funded Training Other education and training Total education and training Not in any education or training Of which also not in employment Source: 516,900 37,700 1,300 15,000 25,600 593,800 68,400 42,800 78. 1% 5. 7% 0. 2% 2. 3% 3. 9% 89. 7% 10. 4% 6. 5% 428,600 51,600 1,200 26,700 32,000 537,600 122,000 62,700 65. 0% 7. 8% 0. 2% 4. 0% 4. 9% 81. 5% 18. 5% 9. 5% 945,500 89,300 2,500 41,600 57,600 1,131,400 190,400 105,500 71. 5% 6. 8% 0. 2% 3. 1% 4. 4% 85. 6% 14. 4% 8. 0%. Participation in Education, Training and Employment by 16-18 Year Olds in England: 2005 and 2006 and Participation in Education and Training by 16 and 17 Year Olds in each Local Area in England: 2004 and 2005, DCSF Overall participation rates were higher for 16/17 year old females at 88% compared to 83% for males. The gap was nearly 10 percentage points for full-time education participation, but young men were more likely to be in one of the training categories. These figures are based on the academic year age of young people, i. e. their age at the start of the academic year. Therefore 16 year olds are in their first year after the end of compulsory education. The data are estimated as at the end of the calendar year, hence some of these young people will have had their 17th/18th birthdays. Among the one million 16 and 17 year olds in full or part time education in 2006, 426,000 were in further education/specialist colleges, 366,000 were in maintained schools, 130,000 in sixth form colleges and 82,000 in independent schools. The overall number in full-time education has increased by 14% over the last decade; the largest proportionate increases were at sixth form colleges (22%) and at maintained schools (19%). There was relatively little difference in the type of education attended by 16 and 17 year olds. A slightly higher proportion of 17 year olds attended further education colleges at the expense of maintained schools. 18 Trends in participation by broad status are summarised in the table at the end of this section. In the early 1950s (when the school leaving age was 15) fewer than one in five 16 year olds and fewer than one in ten 17 year olds were in full time education in England and Wales. Immediately before the leaving age was increased to 16 (1972) these figures had increased to around one in three 16 year olds and one in six 17 year olds. The 16 year olds’ participation rate reached 50% in the mid 1970s; the 17 year olds’ rate reached this level in the early 1990s. 19 At the end of 2006 78% of 16 year olds and 65% of 17 year olds were in full time education in England. 20 Both were record highs. 18 19 20. DCSF SFR 22/2007, Participation in Education, Training and Employment by 16-18 Year Olds in England: 2005 and 2006 and Participation in Education and Training by 16 and 17 Year Olds in each Local Area in England: 2004 and 2005 Statistics of Education 1962 part one, Ministry of Education; Education and training statistics for the United Kingdom 2006 and earlier, DfES DCSF SFR 22/2007F 9 RESEARCH PAPER 07/87. a. 16 and 17 year olds not in education or training The earlier table showed that there were an estimated 190,000 16 and 17 year olds not in any education or training (NET), 106,000 of whom were not in work and hence not in any education, employment or training (NEET). The NEET rate among 16 and 17 year old males was 9. 5% compared to 6. 4% for females. 16 year olds had a lower NEET rate than 17 year olds (6. 5% v 9. 5%). Around 60% of those in the NEET category were classed as unemployed21, the rest were economically inactive. 22 While there is a particular focus of attention on young people who are not in education, employment or training (the ‘NEETs’), the Bill proposes a duty on those in employment to participate in some training or education – hence it is also relevant for the ‘NETs’. The latest similar sub-national data collected is for the end of 2005. This only looked at education and Work Based Learning (WBL) and showed that the total proportion of 16 and 17 year olds not in either category was lowest in London (16%), the South East (18%) and the South West (18%) and highest in Yorkshire and the Humber (23%) and the East Midlands (21%). 23 More recent data from Connexions, which is not directly comparable, gives NEET rates at the end of 2006 which vary from 5. 6% in the South East and 6. 0% in the South West to 10. 5% in the North East and 9. 2% in Yorkshire and the Humber. 24 b. Trends The table at the end this section summarises trends in NET and NEET rates. These are also illustrated in the charts below. 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 1985 NET NEET 16 year olds 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 1985 17 year olds NET NEET 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 There was a break in the series in 1994 and there have been some recent more minor inconsistencies. However, some trends are clear. The NEET rate among 16 year olds fell in the early 1990s and increased steadily for much of the last decade to a high of 8. 1% in 2005. The provisional fall to 6. 5% in 2006 takes it to its lowest level for almost a decade. The NET rate for 16 year olds fell by a larger amount in the late 1980s and 21 22 23 24 ILO definition of unemployment DCSF SFR 22/2007 ibid. NEET Statistics Quarterly Brief, DCSF 10 RESEARCH PAPER 07/87 early 1990s as there was a general shift from employment and WBL to full-time education. This rate increased from 9. 2% in 1994 to 14. 3% in 2001, but has since fallen to 10. 3% in 2006. The NEET rate among 17 year olds fell by around half between 1984 and 1994 to 7. 7%. This rate has increased more recently to 10. 9% in 2005 before dropping back to 9. 5% in 2006. The NET rate fell from 44% in 1984 to below 20% in 1993 as there was a major shift from employment to full-time education. The scale of this was even greater than that seen among 16 year olds. The level of this rate increased from the late 1990s onwards to almost 22% before falling back to below 18% in 2006. Trends in education, employment and training status of 16 and 17 year olds in England Percentages (a)(b) 1985 Full-time education Work Based Learning Employer Funded Training (c) Other Education and Training Total Education and training Total Not in any education or training Of which also not in employment Notes: 1990 51. 1 19. 1 7. 5 3. 5 79. 7 20. 3 8. 0 1995 65. 6 11. 6 4. 0 4. 3 84. 7 15. 3 6. 7 2000 65. 6 9. 5 3. 7 4. 9 83. 5 16. 5 7. 1 2001 64. 8 8. 4 3. 9 5. 2 82. 1 17. 9 8. 4 2002 65. 4 7. 9 4. 0 5. 2 82. 4 17. 6 8. 2 2003 66. 0 8. 1 4. 1 5. 2 83. 2 16. 8 7. 7 2004 67. 2 7. 9 3. 8 4. 9 83. 6 16. 4 8. 3 2005 2006p 69. 2 7. 4 3. 5 4. 5 84. 5 15. 5 9. 5 71. 5 6. 8 3. 1 4. 4 85. 6 14. 4 8. 0 39. 7 16. 1 9. 2 4. 5 68. 2 31. 8 11. 0 There was a break in the series in 1994 due to changes in the source of further and higher education data. (a) Participation estimates may be slightly underestimated for 16 year olds between 1999 and 2000 and 17 year olds between 2000 and 2001. (b) There is a discontinuity from 2002 onwards whereby participation in additional institutions are included for the first time. This increases the full-time education rate by around 0. 1 points and the any education or training rate by around 0. 4 points (c) Includes other part-time education not included elsewhere and full- or part-time education in independent further or higher education institutions. Source: Participation in Education, Training and Employment by 16-18 Year Olds in England: 2005 and 2006 and Participation in Education and Training by 16 and 17 Year Olds in each Local Area in England: 2004 and 2005, DCSF c. International comparison of enrolment in education 16 year old enrolment rate in secondary education, 2005  100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% FRA GRE AUS SWE NOR KOR OST LUX IRE BEL ICE SWI 0% US POL SLO JAP UK ITA POR OECD MEX ESP CZ FIN NED DEN NZ TUR OECD data on enrolment by age look at the actual age of pupils/students, the rates calculated are different from those given earlier. In 2005 94% of 16 year olds and 80% of 17 year olds were in ‘secondary’ 25 education in the UK. The 16 year olds’ rate was three percentage points above the OECD average, the 17 year olds’ rate three points below. The UK’s relative position is shown opposite. Source: Education at a Glance 2007, OECD. Table C2. 3 25 This is based on the assessed academic level using international classification which at their highest level split education into primary, secondary and tertiary. It does not mean these pupils are in secondary schools. 11 GER HUN RESEARCH PAPER 07/87 Although the UK’s participation rate for 16 year olds was above the OECD average it was still below that of most other countries as the average was skewed downwards by much lower levels in Turkey and Mexico. The UK ranked 18th out of 29 states included in the 16 year olds measure and 20th on the 17 year olds rate. 17 year old enrolment rate in secondary education, 2005 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% SLO 0% KOR HUN NOR CZ GER SWE BEL POL FIN JAP OST OECD POR GRE MEX DEN NED TUR AUS ICE SWI ESP FRA LUX IRE NZ US UK Some of the countries ranked Source: Education at a Glance 2007, OECD. Table C2. 3 below the UK have relatively high enrolment rates in non-secondary education, 26 but direct comparisons cannot be made due to a lack of comparable data on enrolment on these types of education in the UK. 27 3. The green paper and the case for change The green paper, Raising Expectations: staying in education and training post-16, described the perceived benefits to individuals and society of young people staying in education and training for longer. 28 It proposed a detailed package of measures for consultation. These were summarised in the DfES press notice launching the green paper: †¢ From 2013, young people should remain in education or training after 16 – this means the first pupils to be affected would be those entering secondary school in September next year. Young people would be required to work towards accredited qualifications at school, in a college, or in â€Å"on the job† training or day release; Apprenticeships will be significantly expanded so that they are available to any qualified young person who wants one; Participation should be full time for young people not in employment for a significant part of the week and part time for those working more than 20 hours a week; Better advice and guidance for young people to enable them to access the provision that’s right for them; A high quality, accurate registration system to keep track of the education options a young person has chosen and to make sure they don’t drop out; Building on the Education Maintenance Allowance we will consider new financial support measures to ensure young people from low income †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 26 27 28 Tertiary and post-secondary non-tertiary Education at a Glance 2007, OECD. Table C2. 3 Raising Expectations: staying in education and training post-16, Cm 7065, March 2007: http://www. dfes. gov. uk/consultations/downloadableDocs/6965-DfESRaising%20Expectations%20Green%20Paper. pdf 12 ITA RESEARCH PAPER 07/87 backgrounds get the support they need to overcome any barriers to participation. To make sure the right provision is in place the new requirement would not be implemented until 2013 by which time the new Diplomas will be a National Entitlement. This will give young people a choice of A levels, GCSEs, the International Baccalaureate, the new Diplomas, Apprenticeships, and accredited in work training. Young people would be supported to re-engage if they drop out through integrated Youth Support Services. Any enforcement process would be used only as a last resort if a young person refused to re-engage. 29 Chapter 2 of the green paper set out the evidential basis for raising the education and training participation age. This referred to research showing that young people who stay on in education and training after 16 are more likely to gain further qualifications by 18 than those who go into employment without training or drop out altogether. Individuals with qualifications earn more than those without. In addition to higher wages, betterqualified individuals have improved employment prospects and an increased likelihood of receiving workplace training. There are also wider benefits associated with higher qualification levels, such as improved health and better social skills. The green paper noted evidence on the relationship between higher levels of skills and qualifications and economic performance and productivity. It highlighted evidence suggesting that up to one fifth of the UK’s output per hour productivity gap with Germany and an eighth of the gap with France results from the UK’s relatively poor skills. The green paper also noted the wider benefits to society from increased participation. It stated that those who participate are less likely to experience teenage pregnancy, be involved in crime or behave anti-socially. The green paper refers to a study that looked at Offender Index data between 1984 and 2001 which showed that an additional year of compulsory schooling decreases conviction rates for property crime, and that it has also been estimated that compulsory schooling lowers the likelihood of committing crime or going to prison. 30 The green paper went on to outline t e combination of measures taken so far to h encourage increased participation. These include changes to the 14 to 19 curriculum and the introduction of new specialist diplomas with an emphasis on applied and practical learning; changes to the curriculum for 11 to 14 year olds to allow greater flexibility and personalisation of learning; an expansion of work-based learning; from September 2007 a ‘September Guarantee’ of an offer of an appropriate learning place for every young person leaving school at 16; improvements in information, advice and guidance for young people to help them make choices; and financial support through educational maintenance allowances.

Democracy in Iraq :: essays research papers

Democracy in Iraq The date is March 20, 2003; American forces enter Iraq in the form of air strikes over the capital city of Baghdad. The night sky lights up from anti-aircraft fire from Iraqi sites. The echoing sound of bombs and heavy explosions tremble in the night sky that knew of silence just decades ago. Now eighteen months have pasted, the regime is overthrown, and over one thousand American soldiers have lost their lives in the battle for Democracy in the Middle East. Everyday the numbers of American deaths spent to create Democracy increase. And everyday the number of dollars spent to create Democracy increase. Is it really a possible goal? Can the Americans establish Democracy in Iraq? The five fundamental ideals of Democracy support the common man, but in Iraq is this really what the common man wants? "It seems to me you hate the one thing that to us is most precious. You hate our freedom. Our individual freedom. Our individual freedom to live as we choose, to come and go as we choose, to believe or not believe as we individually choose." ~ Judge William Young in trial against Richard Reid (charged for intent to blow up jumbo jet on January 30, 2003. Reid used to be Iraqi citizen. This quote is said by an American judge who shares the passion that is needed for a democracy to work. ) Democracy requires freedom for all that is the foundation that a Democratic government is based on. This individual freedom can be restrained, but it can never be taken away. In Iraq the government that once controlled all people was a dictatorship led by Saddam Hussein. This government exists when those who rule do so without regard for the will of their constituents. This type of government does not take responsibility for its policies or the ways that the policies are carried out. The dictatorship form of ruling started with the famous Julius Caesar, dictatorships were common because of simplicity. The ideal of individual freedom was and is not present in dictatorships because the men in charge did not believe it to be a significant value to try to preserve. Throughout America's history, our democratic government, one where you can go where you will, leave when you will, and do as you will, has been looked up to by others. Iraq is a country marked by killing and bloodshed, a part of life which the citizens know and understand; there democracy is not yet the solution.

Cypop 5 Essay

It helps children to deal with difficult circumstances such as emotional stress or medical treatments. Play gives children chance to let off steam and have fun. Children learn when they are in a safe and caring environment. They are stimulated through play. Babies and young children develop best when they are in a caring relationship with an adult. A baby will learn to walk faster when they have a safe pair of arms to walk towards and learn to talk when they have an adult who listens to them and responds accordingly. I aim to provide children with an environment that is caring, fun and stimulating. I aim to expand each childs individual, intellectual, physical and emotional capacities within a secure environment where each child, will be confident and settled. I will implement ideas from the EYFS and I will provide activities/opportunities that support the six main learning areas which are : * Knowledge Understanding Of the World * Personal social and emotional development * Communication language and literacy * Creative Development * Physical Development * Problem solving, Reasoning and Numeracy. Each child will be able to choose their own activities and access continuous provision throughout these six areas. Activities will be both planned and spontaneous according to your child’s preference. My weekly plan will be dependent on the children in my care and their ages and stages of development although I will be attending various groups and clubs within the local area that I live. Sample weekly plan: Morning afternoon Monday – outdoor playchildren’s centre childminders group Tuesday -soft indoor play (wacky)creative play/ arts and crafts Wednesday-country park/ play areachildren’s centre playgroup Thursday – baking/cookingoutdoor play Friday – children’s centre groupindoor play at home Play can be constructed to fulfil areas of the EYFS, especially any areas where a child may be struggling, such as Playing with sand – Texture, Weight, Pouring through containers, colours, measuring, shapes, make sand castles etc this can link to the following areas of the EYFS– personal development – personal, social and emotional development – creative development – communication language and literacy All of the above would be flexible dependant on the children and any new sessions that can be accessed. Before any weekly plan can be made you would need to observe the children in your care to produce a plan that is appropriate to their development this will also help identify when to add/remove new toys/resources. I will use Natural resources and household items to provide stimulating play for the children to look after such as Sawdust and Bark for dinosaur play, jugs, funnels, guttering for water play, blankets pillows and throws and pegs for den building and communication friendly spaces etc. All children are individuals first, each with a unique profile of abilities. All planning starts with observing children in order to understand and consider their interests, development and learning. I will make systematic observations and assessments of each child’s achievements ,interests and learning styles. I will use these observations and assessments to identify learning priorities and plan relevant and motivating learning experiences for each child that I care for. I will match their observations to the expectations of the development matters principles. I will need to make regular observations on each child, using different techniques. These may include photographs, tick lists written observations and photographs. Where a child is not achieving their development goals I may then decide to speak to the parents regarding accessing other services for the child. All children need to feel valued and given the same options. I will ensure that children, parents/carers and visitors have equal rights and choices. Everyone will be given the respect that we all deserve as individuals. No person will be discriminated against and any remarks or comments of this kind will be challenged and discussed to ensure that it does not happen again. I welcome and include all children, their families and members of the community into my setting and I will ensure my setting is accessible to everyone. If a child in my care had specific requirements, certain changes would be made to the interior and exterior of my premises, dependent on the individuals circumstances. Certain activities are also adapted. All the children who come to my setting will have the same opportunities available to them. I am aware of the following legislation, The Children’s Act, The disability Act, UN convention on the Right of the Child, The children’s Bill 2004 and the Special Educational Needs Discrimination Act 2001. I will talk to different specialist groups, health visitors and read appropriate books to learn more about the condition and needs of the child, thus enabling me to provide the best possible care. If a child required assistance from a speech therapist or occupational therapist, then this could be arranged at my setting if it was more convenient for parents. I will do displays and have equipment in my setting that promotes a positive multi cultural attitude. I welcome parents/carers and visitors to talk about cultures, religions, food, clothes etc. I will never refuse or exclude a child. I will build on each child’s previous experience when accessing play opportunities. I will enable children to gain confidence and independence in play and identify individual requirements and provide appropriate support as/when required. I will also borrow and gain resources to enhance the inclusion of children with mobility or sensory difficulties. During snack time I will encourage children to help where appropriate eg. Older children could help butter crackers, or younger children could help divide fruit onto plates, I will encourage the children to help prepare our shopping list for the week for snacks and mealtimes and also encourage them to help with the meal plan for the week. During our week I will plan our activites a sample week could include : Monday : AM – Childrens centre drop in PM – Park – weather dependant Tuesday AM – Wacky Warehouse PM – play at home LEGO, PUZZLES and nap time Wednesday AM –

Shakespeares Julius Caesar Research Assignment - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 788 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/03/24 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Julius Caesar Essay William Shakespeare Essay Did you like this example? Queen Elizabeth I: Queen Elizabeth was Queen of England from 1558-1603. The era she reigned in is know as Englands golden age because of the reformation taking place. She had an unpleasant childhood and as a result it affected some of the decisions she made while on the throne. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Shakespeares Julius Caesar Research Assignment" essay for you Create order A few of her more remarkable accomplishments are the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, and the defeat of the great spanish armada. The previous Kings had made many changes in religion, the Elizabethan Religious Settlement was The Queens way of bringing the country together. Queen Elizabeth was known for giving amazing speeches. Queen Elizabeth died at the age of 69 years old. Her legacy has lasted longer than she couldve ever imagined (Elizabeth I). Renaissance England: Renaissance is by definition the rebirth of art, education and culture. The English Renaissance occurred at the end of the middle ages. The middle ages wa a time of destruction, a learning decline. Girolamo was a religious leader during the renaissance that believed if the citizens of corrupt cities prayed, they could be redeemed. Artist during this period often painted the human body, stressing the beauty of the human body. The most important aspect of the renaissance is humanism. Humanism combines human actions and feelings with religion. The most important branch of learning during the Renaissance was theology. Simply put theology is the study of God (Hawkins). William Shakespeare: William Shakespeare was born April 26th, 1564 and died April 23rd 1616. He is considered by many to be the greatest dramatist of all time. Shakespeare wrote many plays, some of the more well known plays are Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, and Julius Caesar. Shakespeares plays were performed in a theatre called the Globe Theatre. The Globe burned down in 1613, and was rebuilt by 1614. Shakespeare was also apart of a company called Lord Chamberlains Men (William). Lord Chamberlains men put on several plays, and often times Queen Elizabeth herself would come to watch. Lord Chamberlains men was the most dominant theatre company in England during the Elizabethan era (Lord). ROME: Julius Caesar: Julius Caesar was born July 12th 100 BCE and died March 14th 44 BCE. He was alive during the time the Roman Empire was in power. He was from a Patrician, or upper class family. He rose to power as part of a triumvirate, but Crassus was killed in battle and he defeated Pompey in a series of civil wars. Julius Caesar declared himself a dictator for life. While he was in power he passed many law and changed policies on issues such as tax collection. Julius Caesar was murdered by Roman Senators. In that time period emperor assassinations were common and expected (Julius). Ancient Rome Rule: Before the Romans took power, the Etruscans were in control. In 509 BCE the Romans overthrew the Etruscans and established the Roman Republic. In the Republic citizens elect officials, then the officials vote. The Roman Republic lasted until 27 BC when the Roman Republic became the Roman Empire. The first triumvirate that was in power was Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey. Crassus was k illed in battle, Pompey was killed by Julius Caesar in a series of civil wars, and Caesar was murdered by a group of Roman senators. After the murder of Caesar, Octavian, Julius Caesars heir, rose to power. He was apart of the second triumvirate which consisted of him, Marc Antony and Lepidus. The second triumvirate split up because Lepidus was exiled, then it was a power struggle between Marc Antony and Octavian (Ancient). Religion/Superstitions: The legendary founders of Rome were Remus and Romulus. Remus and Romulus were supposed to be drowned in the Tiber River, but they survived. Faustulus and his wife saved them and raised them to be strong boys. They ended up killing Amulius and giving their grandfather his throne back. Romulus killed his brother when he attempted to jump over his wall. Romulus now had all the power, he grew his city by allowing criminals to come and live there. He also kidnapped Women and forced them to marry in. Many people believed Romulus was a Gd after he disappeared in a storm ( Romulus). Lupercalia was a festival held each year on February 15th. It celebrated Romulus and Remus, as we ll as fertility (Luperalia). Works Cited Ancient Rome. Britannica School, Encyclopedia Britannica, 22 Mar. 2018, Web. Accessed 15 Nov. 2018. Elizabeth I. Britannica School, Encyclopedia Britannica, 31 Aug. 2017, Web. Accessed 14 Nov. 2018. Hankins, James. Renaissance. World Book Student, World Book, 2018, Web. Accessed 15 Nov. 2018. Julius Caesar. Britannica School, Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Nov. 2017, Web. Accessed 15 Nov. 2018. Lord Chamberlains Men. Britannica School, Encyclopedia Britannica, 11 Aug. 2018, Web. Accessed 15 Nov. 2018. Lupercalia. Britannica School, Encyclopedia Britannica, 22 Apr. 2014, Web. Accessed 15 Nov. 2018. Romulus and Remus. Britannica School, Encyclopedia Britannica, 13 Apr. 2018, Web. Accessed 15 Nov. 2018. William Shakespeare. Britannica School, Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Jul. 2017, Web. Accessed 15 Nov. 2018.

Summary The Consequences Of The Bloods Change In The Wild

An early morning mist hovered over the lake just barely obscuring the water from the rising of the sun. Alice loved mornings like this. She just finished her breakfast by wiping her hand across her lips to remove any blood from them. The buck that she drank from was extremely satisfying. Deer was one of her favorite animals to hunt. She normally only hunted the ones that were close to death, like the old or injured. Today she caught a strong buck. She would have let it go but as there were no more deer in the area, and she needed to feed. The wolves loved deer meat. Usually, Embry and Quil would make deer-jerky out of a large part of the carcass, but tonight might be a special treat from Leah. She sometimes made these venison kabobs that†¦show more content†¦She saw him drop a bear on the beach of the lake. He was shirtless and Alice could see the scars across his torso. She thought his scars were some of the sexiest things about him. He looked around the woods and stepped into the sun. His skin reflected the rays across the lake. He caught sight of her, and she could feel the waves of lust and love emanating from him. She raced along the edge of the lake towards him. Their lust and love mixing together. Her body tingled with an excitement of things to come. She could smell his arousal emanating from him. She could no longer take it. She bolted towards him. He watched her run along the edge of the lake. Her emotions building with his. As she collided with him their impact could have been heard for miles. He an immovable object and her an unstoppable force, love and lust colliding as one. Their passion could last days or weeks at a time. This was the only time that he could let go of his emotions. She could concentrate on the present and not worry about the future. Their time together was total bliss for both. But, today was different. Today her gift, or curse, depending on when it came. Would override their passion. She was caught unprepared as the vision hit her. This vision was not normal. Usually, she would have to be thinking of someone, once they made a choice, that choice they made would allow her to see what would happen to the people she loved. She would know what was coming and could warn them. This vision

Outline the Similarities and Differences Between Adorno Et...

Outline the similarities and differences between Adorno et al.’s (1950) and Altemeyer’s (1981) approach to authoritarianism The rise of fascism in Germany in the 1930’s and the acts of aggression and atrocities committed by the Nazis during the Second World War led to questions being asked as to why some people where prone to such levels of violence and hate in the name of political ideology. The ‘Authoritarian Personality’ was a concept suggested in 1950 by German sociologist Theodor Adorno and colleagues following their research identifying the personality traits believed to allow an individual to be bias towards and follow a fascist ideology. Although initially met with great excitement, over time the authoritarian personality alone†¦show more content†¦(2012). Although Altemeyer’s research also recognised and supported these findings his concept of authoritarianism was different. He defined RWA not as personality type with fixed characteristics but as a set of three attitudes similar to three of the characteristics Adorno et al also used to describe the authoritaria n personality: Authoritarian submission: A high level of respect and submission to perceived legitimate authority figures or establishments. Authoritarian aggression: Aggressiveness directed against targets identified by the established authorities. Conventionalism: The aversion to new ideas with a preference towards social norms which should be adhered to by all of the individual’s society (Bobbio et al 2007). Although Altemeyer agreed with Adorno et al on what the behavioral and attitudinal features of authoritarianism were, a key difference he put forward was his interpretation of where it actually came from. Adorno et al took a psychoanalytical approach, as first popularised by Sigmund Freud in the late 19th century to the explanation of the causes of authoritarianism. They claimed children who experienced a strong level of parental discipline

Drug use and Addiction

Question: What positive influence can this factor have? Explain. What kind of negative impact, if any, can the factor have on drug use? Explain in detail. What kind of negative impact, if any, can the factor have on drug addiction? Explain in detail. How are factors that influence drug use different from those that influence drug addiction? Explain in detail. Answer: Drug use and Addiction Introduction The condition od addiction can be considered as such a chronic situation that results in the relapse of the brain causing compulsion with regard to seeking drugs and use of drugs despite knowing the adverse consequences. The person who is addicted generally becomes more and more engrossed and destroys himself as well as people around him or her. At the initial stage, in most of the cases the decision to take drugs is voluntary by these people (Allsop, 2008). Gradually the brain modifies and over the time it so happens that self-control of the person who is addicted is slowing hampered and he or she is no more able to resist the intensive impulses to succumb to the brains insistence to take drugs. Therefore, slowly the person continues to take drugs and the brain of that person gradually adapts itself to the overpowering rushes in dopamine by the production of less dopamine or it reduces the number of dopamine receptors that is present in the reward circuit (Breckenridge, Salter Shaw, 2012). As a result of this the impact of the dopamine takes place on the reward circuit and this reduces the ability of the drug abuser to enjoy not just the feeling of taking drugs but also all the other important events that is existing in his life that brings pleasure (Henderson, 2005). Factors relating to Drug use and Addiction There does not exist one single factor that can state the reasons why a person gets addicted to drugs. The risk that is related to the addiction of drugs is generally influenced by a number of factors. These factors are related to the society, the environment, the biology and the different stages of development (Buchanan, 2004). With the increase in the number of risk factors there increases the chances of taking drugs for the individuals that leads to addiction. Here in this study the factors that have been recognized are age, gender, sex, the mental health of the person, the economic status of the person and family bond. Among all these factors the researcher has chosen two of the most vital factors which are mental health and economic status of any individual. Mental Health When dual diagnosis has been conducted it has been observed that the issues of mental health and that of drug addiction have their own unique and different symptoms and this generally get into the manner in which to carry out different function in their lives, or to handle the difficulties in life and in relation to others (Coulthard, 2002). In most cases these disorders tend to affect each other and interact as well. For instance, if mental health is not treated, the problem with substance abuse becomes worse and when abuse increases the mental health problem also increases. Some of the common mental health problems are depression that makes a person tired and unhappy, anxiety which makes a person fearful, worried and nervous, bipolar disorder that keeps changing the mood of the person sometimes making them feel happy and sometimes sad. The other problems are ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) and Anti-social personality disorder (Gauffin, Vinnerljung, Fridell, Hesse Hjern, 2013). Hence it can be easily understood that these problems cannot be diagnosed very easily and it generally takes time to make out whether it actually is substance abuse or a mental disorder. Denial is one more element that complicates this issue. People are usually ashamed to admit the problem and this increases the risk associated with the problem. With regard to the use and addiction of drugs it can be observed that the positive effects are comparatively much lower when compared to the negative effects of mental health. However, there still exist some positive influences on mental health. Firstly, when drug addiction and mental health problems occur simultaneously, it becomes extremely difficult to identify the core problem (Cutcliffe Saadeh, 2013). When a person is suffering from any mental condition and his or her use of drug is hidden it so happens that as a result of the mental condition the persons drug abuse also comes to the forefront. Further a person who is mentally healthy is more likely to be less affected by the drugs. For instance, a person whose mental status is healthy and strong, it is very seldom that such person succumbs to drug abuse easily. A person with weak mental health on the other hand has high chances of resorting to drug abuse and addictions. Hence it can be construed that the mental status of any person is extremely crucial with regard to his or her use of drug abuse (Karriker-Jaffe, 2013). If a person can be kept mentally strong, there are chances that they would not resort to drug use. On the other hand, adverse mental health can have a lot of negative impact on the people who do drugs. For instance, mental illness sometimes leads to drug use. Sometimes people who are diagnosed with mental conditions such as overt or mild mental disorders or subclinical disorders tend to use drugs in order to apply self-medications (Livingstone Davis, 2012). For instance, patients who are suffering from schizophrenia generally try to use tobacco products as they believe that use o tobacco would reduce the symptoms and in turn improve cognition. Contrastingly, use of drugs also has an adverse effect on the mental health of a person. Psychoactive drugs affect the mental well being of the drug user. The common mental disorders that might arise as a result of the use of drugs are usually depression, ecstasy etc. Ecstasy can be considered as an amphetamine that makes a person hallucinate. The drug starts working when it makes serotonin available resulting in the causing of a sensation similar to euphoria. It should be noted that Serotonin is a chemical that is found in brain and its work is to regulate the mood. Ecstasy makes the brain produce even more amount of serotonin resulting in the happy feeling. The factors that influence drug use and the factors that influence are not always the same. In fact there exist a number of differences between the two elements. The use of drugs is usually not resulting from serious mental conditions. For instance drugs can be used for different reasons such for the sake of medication, resulting from any pressure from family or friends or after getting influenced from them etc. However, the addiction of drugs is a different scenario all together. The use of drug is itself a factor for the addiction to drugs. Mental health is one such condition that comes into play more in the case of drug addiction. Mental conditions such as depression, agony generally lead to the addiction for drugs. Hence it may be considered that mental health is a more serious factor with regard to drug use and drug addiction. Economic Status The second factor that the researcher has considered with regard to the use and addiction of drugs is the economic status of the individual. There are a number of economic and socio-economic factors that have a direct affect on the use and addition of drugs. The social and economic drivers for instance the income, education and social connectivity tends to influence the use and addiction to drugs. Hence improving these factors would have a positive effect on the behavior and outcomes of these individuals. For instance, people who fall into the lower category with regard to their income status do not have proper resources, access to nutritious food, appropriate housing, and healthy working conditions. These factors tend to have an influence over the individual and hence under most circumstances they resort to drugs as their way out of the problem. Along with these factors there are also other factors such as financial stress and working overtime. All these factors have a negative influence on the individuals. On the contrary, people who have adequate income and employment are generally not affected by the financial demands and hence are less likely to be prone to taking drugs. They are less dependent on the material requirements. It can also be stated that the degree to which they are able to control the circumstances around them tend to have an effect on their mental and physical well being. It is generally when these individuals are not able to control their economic status they resort to drugs (Langwith, 2007). When the economic status decrease the work pressure of individuals increase and this gives the individuals a chance to take drugs to reduce their work pressure. Also decrease in the economic status also increases their stress of the individuals and depression generally leads to taking drugs. Hence the use of drugs is enhanced by the increase in the work stress, lack of resources or social support or any connections to the community. The positive impacts of the economic status on the use and addiction of drugs are many. Although it is generally observed that the people who have lower economic status face more number of problems it is not always correct to state that the people with a lower economic status always are more inclined to take drugs (Espejo, 2002). People who are from a good economic status also are inclined to take drugs. Hence it is necessary that the economic status be stable enough to not influence the individuals to take drugs. One more thing needs to be noted and that is with regard to the economic status of an individual, this factor is more inclined to influence the use of drugs rather than the addiction to drugs. Hence it can be construed that the economic status of any individual generally initiates a person to use drugs. The addiction to drugs is comparatively less influenced by the economic status of the individual. Conclusion As concluding remarks it can be stated that the use and addiction for drugs is a preventable disease. Contemporary research on drug use and addiction has shown that a lot of preventive measures can be taken in order to reduce the substance or drug abuse and addiction amongst individuals (Flaherty Donato-Hunt, 2012). The preventive programs generally involve the families of the individuals, the schools and the communities and the media which is effective in decreasing the use and addiction of drugs. It is true that a number of events and cultural factors are present which have a lot of affect on the use of drugs and especially when the individuals realize that the drugs are harmful they decrease the intake. Hence from this discussion it can be stated that with the help of education and outreach individuals gradually understand the risks of drug abuse. References Allsop, S. (2008).Drug use and mental health. Melbourne: IP Communications. Breckenridge, J., Salter, M., Shaw, E. (2012). Use and abuse: understanding the intersections of childhood abuse, alcohol and drug use and mental health.Mental Health And Substance Use,5(4), 314-327. doi:10.1080/17523281.2012.703224 Buchanan, J. (2004). Tackling Problem Drug Use.Social Work In Mental Health,2(2-3), 117-138. doi:10.1300/j200v02n02_08 Coulthard, M. (2002).Tobacco, alcohol and drug use and mental health. London: TSO. Cutcliffe, J., Saadeh, B. (2013). Time to get serious? Psychiatric/mental health nurses and an evidence-informed drug policy for the USA.Mental Health And Substance Use,7(4), 473-486. doi:10.1080/17523281.2014.924550 Espejo, R. (2002).Drug abuse. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press. Flaherty, I., Donato-Hunt, C. (2012). Cultural and family contexts for help seeking among clients with cannabis, other drug and mental health issues.Mental Health And Substance Use,5(4), 328-341. doi:10.1080/17523281.2012.711768 Gauffin, K., Vinnerljung, B., Fridell, M., Hesse, M., Hjern, A. (2013). Childhood socio-economic status, school failure and drug abuse: a Swedish national cohort study.Addiction,108(8), 1441-1449. doi:10.1111/add.12169 Henderson, H. (2005).Drug abuse. New York: Facts On File. Karriker-Jaffe, K. (2013). Neighborhood socioeconomic status and substance use by U.S. adults.Drug And Alcohol Dependence,133(1), 212-221. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.04.033 Langwith, J. (2007).Drug abuse. Detroit: Greenhaven Press. Livingstone, D., Davis, A. (2012).Drug design strategies. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry [.