Pharmacology of the Asthma for Bronchodilators- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about thePharmacology of the Asthma for Bronchodilators. Answer: Introduction: Pharmacology of the asthma medication The pharmacology of any medication is the how the medication improve the condition and how the body reacts to this drug. In the pharmacology of asthma medication, there will be discussion of the different types of the drugs that are used and how they improve the abnormal condition. As from the pathphysiology, it has been cleared that it occurs due to bronchoconstriction, inflammation and due to the immune response to particular allergens (Divekar, Ameredes Calhoun, 2013). Thus the drugs used may include bronchodilators, steroids, and immunosuppressant and so on. Due to increase in asthma prevalence, there is huge research on the asthma medication that has lesser side effects and more selective treatment. Bronchodilators are the drugs that act by reversing the bronchospasm that relax airways of smooth muscle ?2 agonists-salbutamol (Gelaw Gelaw, 2014) Anticholinergics- ipratropium bromide Methylxanthines-aminophylline, theophylline Airways inflammation reduction drugs Glucocorticosteroids (Gelaw Gelaw, 2014) Leukotriene receptor antagonists-Montelukast Cromolyns-sodium cromoglycate (Barnes, 2009) Miscellaneous Allergen extracts that are used for the allergic desensitization therapy Air that is oxygen-rich Routes of the administration The medication for the asthma are mostly administrated through the inhalation but there are some exceptions Methylxanthines is the drug that is not affected through inhalation and thus, given orally Leukotriene receptor antagonists are administrated orally (Barnes, 2009) Salbutamol is also sometimes administrated orally in very young or in elderly people in which administration through inhalation is much difficult A glucocorticosteroids oral course is administrated in much severe asthma for controlling symptoms ?2 agonists-salbutamol and hydrocortisone are administrated through injection in the acute or severe asthma that includes the IV infusion through in ICU a central venous line Two pathways for the inhaled drugs (Barnes, 2009) Systemic absorption that is absorption into the bloodstream and then passed to target site such as sodium cromoglycate Localised absorption that is absorbed to a localized area, when only there is a requirement of the local drug Inhaled drug advantage Rapid onset of the drug action In most of the cases, very much small concentration of the drug is effective as compared to the same drug administration through systemically that is because as the drug delivered directly to target site and have a local effect that leads to lesser side effects and lower drugs costs. Short-acting b2 agonists, salbutamol these MDI have a speedy onset of action and that last for about 4 hours Long-acting b2 agonists such as salmeterol contain prolonged effect duration so the two doses daily are adequate for the symptoms control Glucocorticosteroids MDIs have known preventers. Asthmas combined drug therapy There has been rising recognition of the ongoing inflammatory procedure in the airway wall of asthmatic patients Inadequate recovery of the airway obstruction between the exacerbations of the asthma In the airway remodeling, slow and progressive that are irreversible changes that is the result of the chronic damage from the ill-treated airway inflammation. This lead to the changes in the asthmatic pharmacological management thats why now, there is lessens reliance on the use of the bronchodilators as the main treatment. There is greater emphasis on airways inflammation control with continuous inhaled glucocorticosteroids or another anti-inflammatory drug for example Montelukast Classification of the drugs for the asthma Bronchodilators are the drugs that act chemically by contracting smooth muscle cells airways for the relaxation and thereby reduction of the airway obstruction if there is the presence of the bronchospasm. There are mainly three types of the bronchodilators: ?2 sympathomimetics which stimulate ?2 adrenergic receptors on the airway of smooth muscle cells (Antoniu, 2012) Inhaled anticholinergics which inhibit muscarinic cholinergic receptors on the airway of smooth muscle cells (Antoniu, 2012) Methylxanthine alkaloids are the drugs that are taken orally or through intravenous injection. These drugs are toxic and have a lesser therapeutic index and are not used widely in Australia but still marketed in the North America (Antoniu, 2012). The ?2 agonists are chemically associated with the adrenaline receptor same as the adrenaline it binds to the adrenergic receptors and stimulates the adrenergic receptors on the airway of the smooth muscle cells. As adrenaline hormone stimulates all 1, ?1, ?2 and all the receptors but the ?2 agonists is selective for the ?2 receptor only so they remarkably reverse the bronchospasm These are further of two types short acting and long acting ?2 agonists Adrenergic and anticholinergic bronchodilators A sympathetic and parasympathetic system has opposing action. Promptness of the sympathetic nervous system and reticence of the parasympathetic nervous system have similar effect example for the same is bronchodilating activity of both ipratropium bromide and salbutamol (Soler Ramsdell, 2014). . In Zancys case, his medication includes ventolin as it clears the pulmonary pathway and stop wheezing problem. His medication includes antibiotics and immunosuppressants that support improvement of the inflammation condition and suppression of inflammatory response through the antibody-antigen reaction. As his mother told that his condition has been improved and they had stopped taking medication and only when required they use ventolin that improve wheezing but not coughing. Thus, he required medication for coughing that disturbs his sleep (Soler Ramsdell, 2014). . In Zancy care plan nurse has to follow the clinical reasoning cycle that will the nurse in decision making that what care is required on the priority for the improvement of the Zancys asthmatic condition. Clinical reasoning is the procedure by which the nurses and clinical gather the cues, do the handing out of the information, estimate the issues related to the patient, plan the involvement and put into practice them, assess the interventions outcomes and enlarge their understanding from the procedure (Soler Ramsdell, 2014). The procedure of the Clinical calculation is a recurring process of interlinked medical meetings relatively than a linear process. The growth of the clinical reasoning model, philosophical strategies concerned are depiction of the patient situation, information collection related to new patient, relate and reviewed the information, analysis of the information, recollect the information, intolerance between the reviewed relevant and irrelevant information, corre sponding and predication of the in sequence analysis for diagnosing and recognition of the difficulty, goal establishment and evaluation(Matsumura, 2009). In the case of Zancys asthma, his asthma is induced by the long term respiratory infection by the virus and his breathing is very fast and also it is very hard for him to control his breathing. In addition to this Zancy produces wheezy sound during breathing and has problem of the continuous coughing (Girdhar, Menon Vijayan, 2007). Thus the nurse has to properly do the evaluation and decision making about his treatment. First priority of the nurse should be brochodilation that helps in proper breathing and slow breathing and also reduction of his coughing through the treatment of expectorants as coughing interpreted his sleeping (Anselmo, 2011). If the nurse can do the treatment according then there should be positive results of Zanchys treatment. Conclusion The medication used for the asthma includes ? agonist and anticholinergics as they are the bronchodilators and supports reduction of the bronchospasm and for the treatment of the inflammation, there is use of the antibiotics. All these drugs help in reduction of bronchospasm and inflammatory responses (Stockman, 2013). In Zancys case, his medication includes bronchodilator; ventolin, immunosuppressant; flixotide and antibiotics as they all improve his condition. In the case, the positive results are there as his mother told that he had stopped taking medication because of improved health. As the asthmatic patients are more prone to allergens they required immediate relief that is given by the use of inhaler that gives instant relief and lesser side effect due immediate absorption. In addition to inhalers there are so many drugs that are given orally and through injections. For the nurse, during first 24 hours of administration, the decision should be done through following clinical r easoning cycle as it helps in effective decision making. References: Anselmo, M. (2011). Pediatric Asthma Controller Therapy. Pediatric Drugs, 13(1), 11-17. Antoniu, S. (2012). Nitrix oxide donors in asthma. Drugs Of The Future, 37(8), 571. Barnes, P. (2009). Drugs for asthma. British Journal Of Pharmacology, 147(S1), S297-S303. Divekar, R., Ameredes, B., Calhoun, W. (2013). Symptom-Based Controller Therapy: A New Paradigm for Asthma Management.Current Allergy And Asthma Reports,13(5), 427-433. Gelaw, B., Gelaw, Y. (2014). Assessment of Adequate Use of Asthma Inhalational Medication Administration in Children. Journal Of Physiology And Pharmacology Advances, 4(11), 454. Girdhar, A., Menon, B., Vijayan, V. (2007). Systemic Inflammation And Its Response To Treatment In Bronchial Asthma. Chest, 132(4), 511A. Matsumura, Y. (2009). Inflammation Induces Glucocorticoid Resistance in Patients with Bronchial Asthma. Anti-Inflammatory Anti-Allergy Agents In Medicinal Chemistry, 8(4), 377-386. Soler, X., Ramsdell, J. (2014). Anticholinergics/Antimuscarinic Drugs in Asthma. Current Allergy And Asthma Reports, 14(12).