Depression Is Predictive Of Substance Abuse Outcomes

Recent research further suggests that depression is predictive of substance abuse outcomes. In a study done by Sihlova (2008), suggested early onset of depressive disorders predicted multiple substance use outcomes, including frequent alcohol use, and frequent daily smoking from a sample of 1545 adolescent twins assessed at baseline age 14, and then again at age 17.5. Moreover, depression was found to be a risk factor for smoking in females but not males. Fleming et al. 2008 also suggested that depressive symptoms were more strongly associated with substance use in females than males. Therefore, there are known sex differences in depression, and depression may elevate the chance for increased substance use and victimization among adolescent females. These findings agree with the study done by Luk, Wang, and Simons-Morton (2010) found. Their study specifically focused on the mediating role of depression in the association between substance use and victimization in a national sample of tenth-grade male and female adolescents. Their results indicated that victimization was positively correlated with substance use in both females and males. Also, their meditational analysis showed that depression mediated the link between victimization and substance use for females only, and no noteworthy meditational depression effect was found in males. Their result s depict sex differences between depression and substance use is consistent with previous research, meaning victimization inShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Emotions805 Words   |  4 PagesPANAS in a heterogeneous sample of 416 substance users seeking treatment at an outpatient treatment facility. In order to do so, the experimenters used data from four random clinical trials, each of which included the PANAS in their assessments. These trials evaluated a range of substance types which included: cocaine, marijuana, opioid, and alcohol. From these trials internal consistency, test-retest reliability, concurrent and discriminant validity, and predictive validity were all evaluated. The studyRead MoreThe Link Between Adolescent Depression And Suicide823 Words   |  4 Pages Is There a Link Between Adolescent Depression and Suicide? According to data provided by the Center for Disease Control (CDC) suicide was the tenth leading cause of death for all ages in 2013. There were 41,149 successful suicides in the United States. Available data regarding completed suicides in 16 National Violent Death Reporting System states in 2010, 33.4% of suicide decedents tested positive for alcohol, 23.8% for antidepressant medication, and 20.0 % for opiates, including heroin and prescriptionRead MoreSymptoms And Injuries Of A Traumatic Brain Injury841 Words   |  4 Pageschild abuse. Males ages 15-24 years old are at an increased risk for having a TBI; they are joined by substance abusers, infants, elderly, and those with a prior brain injury. After incident of injury, a TBI may present with altered mental status, change in consciousness, posttraumatic amnesia, neurologic dysfunction, intracranial lesion, abnormal cerebral imaging, and reduced Glasgow Coma Scale score. The term traumatic brain injury covers a vast spectrum of possible symptoms and outcome coursesRead MoreEvaluation Of A Comprehensive Assessment Essay1636 Words   |  7 PagesSeptember 1, 1994 and is 18 years old. Her chronological age is calculated to be 18 years, 3 months, and 10 days, at the time of her intake interview. This client was initially referred to counseling due to a panic attack during math class. The outcome goals of the Intake Interview performed with Jadine, were to gain insight into her current situation and how it is affecting her. This is to help paint a picture of what Jadine’s life looks like through her eyes, as well help the counselor to betterRead MoreObstructive Sleep Apnea ( Osa )1199 Words   |  5 Pages80% of men and 93% of women with moderate to severe OSA have not been diagnosed. There is a higher prevalence of moderate to severe OSA in the elderly (aged 65 or older) than in other age groups.[1] In patients with OSA, there are high rates of depression [2, 3] and neurocognitive deficits.[4, 5] OSA is associated with cerebral neural injury, and that may result in both mood dysregulation[6] and cognitive decline.[7] It remains to be established which neurocognitive domains that are affected by OSARead MoreBorderline Personality Disorder And Mental Disorders1754 Words   |  8 Pagesindividuals suffer on a daily basis with one mental disorder let alone multiple. Few have the resources needed to cope and can turn to other methods of improvement without thinking about the potential outcomes of addictions and worsen their condition. Mental disorders are often than not linked to substance abuse because of the stigma placed over humanity. Society places such a constricting grasp on what is considered normal that people are hiding their symptoms and attempting to mask them to get by; onlyRead MoreThe Effects Of Video Games On Children Essay1612 Words   |  7 Pagesoccurrences of a number of crimes associated with playing v iolent video games as their common denominator along with its booming popularity. Since then, avid video gamers were viewed in a negative light, portrayed as potential killers, and the undesirable outcomes in engaging with video games have been greatly emphasized in the ongoing debate such as, exposure to its violent content causes children to become violent, linking mental disorders and behavioral problems in the long run. Nonetheless, not all areRead MoreTeenage Drug And Alcohol Abuse2166 Words   |  9 PagesTeenage drug and alcohol abuse can come from a number of different factors such as emotional disorders, stress, social events and other adolescent pressures. Adolescent is a period of time when teens have a lot of pressures to fit in, establish their own identities, it’s also a time of growth and development, and also the great desire to fit in which leads teens to give into peer pressure. Teens are going through an emotional change in themselves emotionally, physica lly and also hormonally duringRead MoreWhat Is A Co Occurring Disorder? Essay2263 Words   |  10 Pagesindividuals suffer on a daily basis with one mental disorder let alone multiple. Few have the resources needed to cope and can turn to other methods of improvement without thinking about the potential outcomes of addictions and worsen their condition. Mental disorders are often than not linked to substance abuse because of the stigma placed over humanity. Society places such a constricting grasp on what is considered normal that people are hiding their symptoms and attempting to mask them to get by; onlyRead MoreThe Effects Of Teenage Dating Violence And Abusive Relationships Among Adolescents1575 Words   |  7 Pagestheir age who is being abused by their partner. Abuse can have negative impacts on you physically and mentally and there are multiple different types of abuse. This paper explores the negative effects of teenage dating violence and abusive relationships among adole scents, and how these types of relationships can affect the human mind and cause psychological and mental issues. The Three Evils This theme shows that there are three main types of abuse, some common and some not so common. These three

Capital Punishment A Form Of Discipline Essay - 1729 Words

What is capital punishment? Capital punishment is legally killing someone because of the crime they have committed as a form of discipline. Death penalty laws were established back in the 18th Century B.C. In the Code of King Hammaurabi of Babylon it ordered the death penalty for about 25 different crimes and in the Seventh Century B.C.’s Draconian Code of Athens made the death penalty the punishment for all crimes. The death sentences were executed in many forms such as lethal injection, gas chamber, electrocution, hanging gas, firing squad and many more to name. The most common type of execution is hanging and the least common is electrocution. The types of executions vary in different countries and states. For example, hanging is used in the United States, Afghanistan, Jamaica, Delaware and Washington. Ethiopia, Ghana, Nigeria, and Utah all use the firing squad as their form of execution. In states like North Carolina and Pennsylvania lethal injection is the primary method of execution opposed to Virginia who gives prisoners the option to choose between lethal injection or execution. Capital punishment has always been an intense debate in the United States. It’s been questioned whether the death penalty is unconstitutional. It’s being portrayed as â€Å"cruel and unusual punishment† which violates The Eight Amendment rights in the United States Constitution. It is cruel in the way it lets people know that if you commit murder than you may be murdered also by the government.Show MoreRelatedThe Death Penalty Should Be Legal1590 Words   |  7 Pagesthey either end up in a life sentence in prison, or they will receive capital punishment, or the death penalty. The death penalty is where a murderer is put to death by lethal injection or other forms of killing. Some say it is what the murderer deserves, while others say it is a â€Å"cruel and unusualâ€Å" form of punishment. Some states, like New Jersey have already banned the death penalty while others have decided to keep the punishment. If you were to go and ask people why they are against the death penaltyRead MoreDiscipline and Punish the Birth of Prsions1071 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Discipline and Punish the Birth of Prisons† goes beyond the walls of the prison system. Foucault gives a detailed description of the transition of discipline and punishment beginning in the seventeenth century. Foucault begins with insight into the tortures forms of punishment common in the seventeenth century. The torture involved prisoners being placed on a scaffold while holding a two pound torch of burning wax. There the flesh would be torn from their body with hot pincers before their bodiesRead MoreCapital Punishment And Its Origin1485 Words   |  6 Pages Understanding Capital Punishment Quamere Rooks Saint Leo University Abstract Capital punishment, or the death penalty, has existed in many societies for as long as one can remember. This form of discipline is enforced on those individuals who display the most unfathomable criminal behavior against other fellow beings. In recent years, there has been great controversy over the necessity of methods such as this, and whether this form of inhumane discipline is justified. Some wouldRead MoreFoucault s Discipline And Punishment1211 Words   |  5 Pagessociety into the modern culture seen today. Michel Foucault’s Discipline and Punish examines how punishment was viewed and enacted prior to the â€Å"humane† awakening of the eighteenth century, while establishing the progression of change that shifted punishment from the body to the soul. Foucault was a student and professor of philosophy and psychology during the twentieth century, which influenced his writings and political activism. Discipline and Punish is a result of his active participation in prisonRead MorePersuasive Essay On The Death Penalty910 Words   |  4 Pageshistory of capital punishment, and why others believe it is okay. Capital punishment is when someone has committed a crime in which they are sentenced to death. In this paper I will be arguing that the death penalty is okay. Capital punishment has been a controversial and debatable issue for centuries. People have been sentenced to capital punishment since the beginning of time, it has been accepted as fair punishment by law enforcement within any period. Over time capital punishment has becomeRead MoreFoucaults Discipline and Punish Essay815 Words   |  4 Pagessometimes harsh. This is called punishment. Discipline is enforcing acceptable patterns of behaviour and teaching obedience. In an excerpt called Discipline and Punish, contemporary theorist Michael Foucault explains these two concepts. This paper will summarize the author’s main points; provide a comparison with a theorist previously lectured on in class, as well as a personal interpretation of Foucault’s arguments. As probably studied in any law or history class, punishment in medieval times consistedRead MoreIs Violence ever justified1043 Words   |  5 Pageswar, punishment, and even domestic violence can be said to deter further violence or stop present violence from exacerbating. However, the use of violence to stop violence is debatable. Some people feel that such methods just proliferate â€Å"an eye for an eye† mentalities, while others see it as a necessary evil. In my opinon, these situations are morally complex, and can be considered grey areas, there is no right or wrong where these situations are concerned. 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No matter how a parent disciplines their children, there will be complications in a home, but when parents can no longer be â€Å"parents† due to others trying to step in and control their style of parenting, that is where a problem comes up. There are people who think that spanking a child is wrong and harmfulRead MoreLethal Injection Is A Violation Of Human Rights1541 Words   |  7 Pageslethal injection†(End Capital Pun ishment, 2014). Though lethal injections are a violation of human rights, they have been used for decades and are continued to be administered across the world. Capital punishment is another way to squander citizen finances and has no open security profit. When law implementation experts were observed they concur that the death penalty does not stop brutal wrongdoing; a review of officers across the country discovered they classify capital punishment as the most minimal

Pharmacology of the Asthma for Bronchodilators- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about thePharmacology of the Asthma for Bronchodilators. Answer: Introduction: Pharmacology of the asthma medication The pharmacology of any medication is the how the medication improve the condition and how the body reacts to this drug. In the pharmacology of asthma medication, there will be discussion of the different types of the drugs that are used and how they improve the abnormal condition. As from the pathphysiology, it has been cleared that it occurs due to bronchoconstriction, inflammation and due to the immune response to particular allergens (Divekar, Ameredes Calhoun, 2013). Thus the drugs used may include bronchodilators, steroids, and immunosuppressant and so on. Due to increase in asthma prevalence, there is huge research on the asthma medication that has lesser side effects and more selective treatment. Bronchodilators are the drugs that act by reversing the bronchospasm that relax airways of smooth muscle ?2 agonists-salbutamol (Gelaw Gelaw, 2014) Anticholinergics- ipratropium bromide Methylxanthines-aminophylline, theophylline Airways inflammation reduction drugs Glucocorticosteroids (Gelaw Gelaw, 2014) Leukotriene receptor antagonists-Montelukast Cromolyns-sodium cromoglycate (Barnes, 2009) Miscellaneous Allergen extracts that are used for the allergic desensitization therapy Air that is oxygen-rich Routes of the administration The medication for the asthma are mostly administrated through the inhalation but there are some exceptions Methylxanthines is the drug that is not affected through inhalation and thus, given orally Leukotriene receptor antagonists are administrated orally (Barnes, 2009) Salbutamol is also sometimes administrated orally in very young or in elderly people in which administration through inhalation is much difficult A glucocorticosteroids oral course is administrated in much severe asthma for controlling symptoms ?2 agonists-salbutamol and hydrocortisone are administrated through injection in the acute or severe asthma that includes the IV infusion through in ICU a central venous line Two pathways for the inhaled drugs (Barnes, 2009) Systemic absorption that is absorption into the bloodstream and then passed to target site such as sodium cromoglycate Localised absorption that is absorbed to a localized area, when only there is a requirement of the local drug Inhaled drug advantage Rapid onset of the drug action In most of the cases, very much small concentration of the drug is effective as compared to the same drug administration through systemically that is because as the drug delivered directly to target site and have a local effect that leads to lesser side effects and lower drugs costs. Short-acting b2 agonists, salbutamol these MDI have a speedy onset of action and that last for about 4 hours Long-acting b2 agonists such as salmeterol contain prolonged effect duration so the two doses daily are adequate for the symptoms control Glucocorticosteroids MDIs have known preventers. Asthmas combined drug therapy There has been rising recognition of the ongoing inflammatory procedure in the airway wall of asthmatic patients Inadequate recovery of the airway obstruction between the exacerbations of the asthma In the airway remodeling, slow and progressive that are irreversible changes that is the result of the chronic damage from the ill-treated airway inflammation. This lead to the changes in the asthmatic pharmacological management thats why now, there is lessens reliance on the use of the bronchodilators as the main treatment. There is greater emphasis on airways inflammation control with continuous inhaled glucocorticosteroids or another anti-inflammatory drug for example Montelukast Classification of the drugs for the asthma Bronchodilators are the drugs that act chemically by contracting smooth muscle cells airways for the relaxation and thereby reduction of the airway obstruction if there is the presence of the bronchospasm. There are mainly three types of the bronchodilators: ?2 sympathomimetics which stimulate ?2 adrenergic receptors on the airway of smooth muscle cells (Antoniu, 2012) Inhaled anticholinergics which inhibit muscarinic cholinergic receptors on the airway of smooth muscle cells (Antoniu, 2012) Methylxanthine alkaloids are the drugs that are taken orally or through intravenous injection. These drugs are toxic and have a lesser therapeutic index and are not used widely in Australia but still marketed in the North America (Antoniu, 2012). The ?2 agonists are chemically associated with the adrenaline receptor same as the adrenaline it binds to the adrenergic receptors and stimulates the adrenergic receptors on the airway of the smooth muscle cells. As adrenaline hormone stimulates all 1, ?1, ?2 and all the receptors but the ?2 agonists is selective for the ?2 receptor only so they remarkably reverse the bronchospasm These are further of two types short acting and long acting ?2 agonists Adrenergic and anticholinergic bronchodilators A sympathetic and parasympathetic system has opposing action. Promptness of the sympathetic nervous system and reticence of the parasympathetic nervous system have similar effect example for the same is bronchodilating activity of both ipratropium bromide and salbutamol (Soler Ramsdell, 2014). . In Zancys case, his medication includes ventolin as it clears the pulmonary pathway and stop wheezing problem. His medication includes antibiotics and immunosuppressants that support improvement of the inflammation condition and suppression of inflammatory response through the antibody-antigen reaction. As his mother told that his condition has been improved and they had stopped taking medication and only when required they use ventolin that improve wheezing but not coughing. Thus, he required medication for coughing that disturbs his sleep (Soler Ramsdell, 2014). . In Zancy care plan nurse has to follow the clinical reasoning cycle that will the nurse in decision making that what care is required on the priority for the improvement of the Zancys asthmatic condition. Clinical reasoning is the procedure by which the nurses and clinical gather the cues, do the handing out of the information, estimate the issues related to the patient, plan the involvement and put into practice them, assess the interventions outcomes and enlarge their understanding from the procedure (Soler Ramsdell, 2014). The procedure of the Clinical calculation is a recurring process of interlinked medical meetings relatively than a linear process. The growth of the clinical reasoning model, philosophical strategies concerned are depiction of the patient situation, information collection related to new patient, relate and reviewed the information, analysis of the information, recollect the information, intolerance between the reviewed relevant and irrelevant information, corre sponding and predication of the in sequence analysis for diagnosing and recognition of the difficulty, goal establishment and evaluation(Matsumura, 2009). In the case of Zancys asthma, his asthma is induced by the long term respiratory infection by the virus and his breathing is very fast and also it is very hard for him to control his breathing. In addition to this Zancy produces wheezy sound during breathing and has problem of the continuous coughing (Girdhar, Menon Vijayan, 2007). Thus the nurse has to properly do the evaluation and decision making about his treatment. First priority of the nurse should be brochodilation that helps in proper breathing and slow breathing and also reduction of his coughing through the treatment of expectorants as coughing interpreted his sleeping (Anselmo, 2011). If the nurse can do the treatment according then there should be positive results of Zanchys treatment. Conclusion The medication used for the asthma includes ? agonist and anticholinergics as they are the bronchodilators and supports reduction of the bronchospasm and for the treatment of the inflammation, there is use of the antibiotics. All these drugs help in reduction of bronchospasm and inflammatory responses (Stockman, 2013). In Zancys case, his medication includes bronchodilator; ventolin, immunosuppressant; flixotide and antibiotics as they all improve his condition. In the case, the positive results are there as his mother told that he had stopped taking medication because of improved health. As the asthmatic patients are more prone to allergens they required immediate relief that is given by the use of inhaler that gives instant relief and lesser side effect due immediate absorption. In addition to inhalers there are so many drugs that are given orally and through injections. For the nurse, during first 24 hours of administration, the decision should be done through following clinical r easoning cycle as it helps in effective decision making. References: Anselmo, M. (2011). Pediatric Asthma Controller Therapy. Pediatric Drugs, 13(1), 11-17. Antoniu, S. (2012). Nitrix oxide donors in asthma. Drugs Of The Future, 37(8), 571. Barnes, P. (2009). Drugs for asthma. British Journal Of Pharmacology, 147(S1), S297-S303. Divekar, R., Ameredes, B., Calhoun, W. (2013). Symptom-Based Controller Therapy: A New Paradigm for Asthma Management.Current Allergy And Asthma Reports,13(5), 427-433. Gelaw, B., Gelaw, Y. (2014). Assessment of Adequate Use of Asthma Inhalational Medication Administration in Children. Journal Of Physiology And Pharmacology Advances, 4(11), 454. Girdhar, A., Menon, B., Vijayan, V. (2007). Systemic Inflammation And Its Response To Treatment In Bronchial Asthma. Chest, 132(4), 511A. Matsumura, Y. (2009). Inflammation Induces Glucocorticoid Resistance in Patients with Bronchial Asthma. Anti-Inflammatory Anti-Allergy Agents In Medicinal Chemistry, 8(4), 377-386. Soler, X., Ramsdell, J. (2014). Anticholinergics/Antimuscarinic Drugs in Asthma. Current Allergy And Asthma Reports, 14(12).

What Should Jane Smith Do an Example by

What Should Jane Smith Do Case #1: Mary Jones Case According to the Pregnancy Discrimination Act (an amendment to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964) An employer cannot refuse to hire a pregnant woman because of her pregnancy or because of a pregnancy-related condition or because of the prejudices of co-workers, clients, or customers. As long as the Mary Jones will be able to perform the major functions of her job and she has the qualifications needed for the position then she cannot be refused to be hired. In a case filed against Walmart by a certain Jamey Stern ( Ref. Case #97-2480-EEO, 1998). The company agreed to pay $220,000 to settle the case. In this case they were found out that they know that she is pregrnant and they intentionally refused to hire her because of her condition even if she is qualified for the position. Jane Smith can require Mary Jones to pass a Medical Certificate that indicates that she is fit to work. Because if the doctors certificate indicates that she is not fit to work due to her condition she can turn down the application of this pregnant qualified applicant. Need essay sample on "What Should Jane Smith Do" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed University Students Very Often Tell Us:Who wants to write essay for me?Specialists recommend: Writing Essay Papers Is Easier With UsBuy College Essays Online College Essay Writing Service Top Rated Essay Writing Service Write My Essay Online Reviews Case#2: Bill Cooper Based on the Title IV of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 an employer cannot refuse to hire or fire an employee because of his or her religion. But the law also said that an employer can refuse an applicant if it will cause an undue hardship on the part of the employers' legitimate business interests. If hiring the individual will requires more than ordinary administrative costs, diminishes efficiency in other jobs, infringes on other employees' job rights or benefits, impairs workplace safety, causes co-workers to carry the accommodated employee's share of potentially hazardous or burdensome work, or if the proposed accommodation conflicts with another law or regulation. Because Bill Cooper was the most qualified for the position, Jane have no choice but to hire him because she has so many options that she can use to fill-up Bills position on Saturday. Jane also expresses that she can hire a part-time worker to fill that position, therefore there is no excuse for her to reject Bill. This problem has a similarity with the case of TRANS WORLD AIRLINES, INC. v. HARDISON (FindLaw, 2006)where in Trans World Airlines (TWA) dismissed Hardison due to refusal to work on Saturday. The court found TWA guilty even if the company argues that they have done all the possible means to find a replacement of Hardison so that the Saturday operation in the Airlines will not be affected. The court reasoned-out that they he court took the analysis that TWA had discarded three sensible alternatives. One of which would have satisfied its obligation without undue hardship. (1) Within the framework of the seniority system, TWA could have permitted respondent to work a four-day week, utilizing a supervisor or another worker on duty elsewhere, even though this would have caused other shop functions to suffer; (2) TWA could have filled respondent's Saturday shift from other available personnel, even though this would have involved premium overtime pay; and (3) TWA could have arranged a "swa p" between respondent and another employee either for another shift or for the Sabbath days, even though this would have involved a breach of the seniority system. Held: TWA, which made reasonable efforts to accommodate respondent's religious needs, did not violate Title VII, and each of the Court of Appeals' suggested alternatives would have been an undue hardship within the meaning of the statute as construed by the EEOC guidelines. Pp. 76-85. (TRANS WORLD AIRLINES, INC. v. HARDISON, 1997) Case#3: Kate Johnson According to Ohio Reference Law-4113.71, employers are not liable when they provide truthful information pertaining to employee job performance unless the employer disclosed particular information with the knowledge that the information was false, with the deliberate attempt to mislead the prospective employer or another person, in bad faith or with malicious purpose. The employer may also be found liable if the information constitutes an unlawful discriminatory practice (Ohio State University, 2004) The discrimination laws that apply to interviewing also apply to reference checking. In order to avoid claims of discrimination, decisions based on references should be made based on objective facts. Do not probe into marital status, age, disabilities, race, religion, or national origin. (Ohio State University, 2004) So now if Jane Smith will objectively answer the question of the probing HR, meaning basing all the information that she will share in the performance Kate Johnson in their company then she doesnt have any liability. Furthermore, it is the right of the prospective employer to know the background and performance of this applicant. In cases like Wattenburg v. United Medical Lab, 269 Or 377, 380, 5252 P2d 113 (1974) a former employer has a qualified privilege to share information about the character or conduct of its employees with present or prospective employers. References AterWayne(2003) Focus Issue Job Reference. Ohio State University. Guide to Reference Checking. U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity. Discrimination by Type: Facts and Guide. Transworld Airline Inc v. Hardison (1997) . In FindLaw.com. Retrieved on November 22, 2006http://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/432/63.html Walmart v Stern. (1998) Ref. Case #97-2480-EEO Wattenburg v. United Medical Lab. (1974) 269 Or 377, 380, 525 P2d 113

Base properties of an antimicrobial agent Essays

Acid/ Base properties of an antimicrobial agent Essays Acid/ Base properties of an antimicrobial agent Essay Acid/ Base properties of an antimicrobial agent Essay Chem. 253 Lab 1: Acid/Base Properties of an Antimicrobial Agent 09/03/13 Purpose The purpose was to determine the acid and base properties of the antimicrobial agent sodium beneath. Theory Sodium has mainly been used in food processing to avoid growth of bacteria and harmful microorganisms. It is commonly used to preserve foods and beverages that have an acidic PH. Rather than benzene acid, sodium beneath is used because it is generally soluble in most aqueous solutions but benzene acid is not. Reaction Sodium beneath mixed with water, dissociates into beneath and sodium ions. Hydrogen chloride, which is a gas, will exist in unionized form when combined with water to form hydrochloric acid. Then when the two solutions are combined, HUH+ transfers electrons to beneath ions, which act as the base to form benzene acid as a solid precipitate. The overall balanced equation is as follows. Yield Calculations: Sodium Beneath: Theoretical: The theoretical yield of Benzene Acid is 1. Egg. The actual yield of Benzene Acid is 1. Egg. The percent yield of this experiment is: Methods/Procedures 1) Weigh and tare a 50 ml beaker, then place about 1. G of sodium beneath into the beaker. Record the actual mass of sodium beneath used. 2) Measure about 10 ml of distilled water with a graduated cylinder and pour it into the beaker with the sodium beneath. Use a glass-stirring rod to dissolve the sodium beneath in the water. 3) Measure about 4 ml of 3. 0 M HCI and add it slowly, with stirring, to the sodium beneath solution until the pH of the solution is 2. Use pH paper to test the solution each time by using your stirring rod to place a drop of the solution on the pH paper. Adding excess HCI to the solution will not affect yield of product. 4) To induce crystallization of product, cool the solution to 10 degrees Celsius or below. Place your 50 ml beaker in a large beaker containing cracked ice with a little water to reduce the temperature. 5) Clamp a 250 ml filtering flask to a ring stand and place the Boucher funnel on top with an appropriately sized filter paper (be sure to pre-weigh the filter paper). Moisten the filter paper in the funnel with a little distilled water, and make sure that the moist filter paper fits snugly in the bottom of the Boucher funnel with no folds or bends in the filter paper visible. Use the thick rubber tubing from your drawer to provide vacuum from the aspirator to your filter flask. Be sure you are connecting the tubing to the aspirator, not to the water or gas outlet. Turn on the water to a low volume to create a vacuum in the filter flask but not so much that you flood the sink. Transfer the crystals (quantitatively) from Step 4 to the funnel. Use about 5 ml of distilled water to rinse any solid that remains in the beaker onto the filter paper. Let the solid air-dry with the aspirator running for a few minutes. 7) Place the filter paper with solid in the oven for about 15 minutes to dry. Weigh and then dry again for 5 minutes. Weigh again. If your second weight differs from the first weight by more than 0. 5%, dry again for 10 minutes. Continue this process until successive weighing are within 0. 5%. For this lab, we must be sure to always wear our safety glasses whenever we are in the laboratory and wear gloves when we are conducting an experiment. Benzene acid and sodium beneath used in this experiment can be mild irritants to the skin. We must be careful not to get them on Observations/Results The mixture began clear but once we added the HCI the substance was white and odorless. Our precipitate was solid and white. For the numbers, sodium beneath was the limiting reagent because it had 0. 01063 moles whereas hydrochloric acid had 0. 012 moles. The theoretical yield was 1. Egg and the actual yield was 1. 51 g. With these numbers the percent yield turned out to be 96. 37%. Discussion/Conclusion Throughout the experiment I felt as though there were some errors. Also, I feel as though I may have lost amounts of the mixture and precipitate through transfers that affected our final weight. I could tell that the pH had an effect because we know that if there is a decrease in pH a pr ecipitate starts to form. Exercises 1) In a solution containing aqueous sodium beneath, a decrease in pH usually results in the formation of a precipitate. A.

Dorothy Orem's Nursing Theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dorothy Orem's Nursing Theory - Research Paper Example The backbone of the theory is the concept that from time to time people are affected by limitations that prevent them from meeting their self-care needs. These limitations can be caused by injury or accident, or by external or internal situations such as disease or the natural progression of aging (Hartweg, 1991). Orem describes the nature of the relationships involved with nursing, between the nurse and the patient, and between the nurse and others (such as family members and physicians) that may be involved. She compares this relationship to a friendship, with the nurse being more objective, able-bodied, selfless, and skilled (Orem, 2003). Orem’s theory is set forth in a way that makes it easy to both understand and to implement. As writers Kathleen Sitzman and Lisa Eichelberger (2011) has stated, â€Å"The simplicity of wording, coupled with an uncanny resonance with everyday nursing activities, has ensured its broad popularity and use in many areas of nursing† (p. 94). Orem believed that wholeness is part of what makes a person human. Health helps the person be fully who he or she is, and to operate along with physiological and psychophysiological mechanisms. Good health enables people to interact with others and to have meaningful relationships with those around them (Current Nursing). Nursing is required for patients who need â€Å"direct continuing assistance in self-care† (Orem, 1993, p. 258) caused by health problems. These are needs that all people have, regardless of their health needs, but nurses are required when patients are unable to meet them. Patients tend to become healthier and to recover more quickly from disease, illness, and injury when they are able to participate in and accomplish their own self-care. It is the nurse’s role and responsibility to provide patients and their families

Planned Change Programs May be Harmful to Organizations Essay

Planned Change Programs May be Harmful to Organizations - Essay Example It is common for every organization that is interested in maximizing its profit to have well-structured organizational plans. Nevertheless, not all planned change works for the best interest of the organization in question. In fact many planned changes are considered to be of great harm to many organizations (Marion 2011). Nevertheless, research shows that there are available alternatives to planned changes.Planned changes are essential to better position the extension organization and focus on client needs and moving forward in sustainability programs (Marion, 2011).. Reorganization provides a framework for longer-term commitment to organizations and sub units are being encouraged to put work teams in place to ensure that each sector integrates staff and services into a cohesive, focused business unit (Cheremisin and Davletshin, 2010). Consultation and participation are believed to be essential for the successful development and implementation of organizational goals and objectives. Each work team is asked to develop an effective process for discussion of major challenges and opportunities facing the organization, if possible, over the next decade. Updated strategic plans are then developed.In addition to this, these plans form a framework for focusing organizational resources on the most strategic fields by using a well laid out approach. Updated strategies are implemented by workers at all levels of management in many organizations, 90 percent of the work force is provided by the human beings.